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Statistics Without Tears / Derek Rownt
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Statistics Without Tears / Derek Rownt
Contents
Introduction 9
How to use this book 10
1. Statistical inquiry 13
Making sense of experience 14 What is statistics? 17 Descriptive and inferential statistics 19
Collecting a sample 23
2. Describing our sample 28
Statistical variables 28
Error, accuracy and approximations 35
3. Summarizing our data 38
Tables and diagrams 38 Central tendency (averages) 48
Measures of dispersion 50
4. The shape of a distribution 57
Skewed distributions 58 Introducing the normal distribution 64
Proportions under the normal curve 72
Comparing values 79
5. From sample to population 82
Estimates and inferences 82 The logic of sampling 86
A distribution of sample-means 87
Estimating the population-mean 94
Estimating other parameters 99
6. Comparing samples 102
From
the same or different populations? 102 Significance testing 107 The
significance of significance 116 Comparing dispersions 122
Non-parametric methods 124
the same or different populations? 102 Significance testing 107 The
significance of significance 116 Comparing dispersions 122
Non-parametric methods 124
7. Further matters of significance 128
One- versus two-tailed tests 129 z-tests and t-tests 139
Comparing several means 141 Comparing proportions 150
8. Analysing relationships 155
Paired values 156
Three kinds of correlation 160
The strength of a correlation 161
The significance of a correlation coefficient 164
Interpreting a correlation coefficient 169
Prediction and regression 176
Postscript 185
Review 186 Caution 188
Bibliography 191
Index 197
***
Acknowledgements
This
book is dedicated to Professor Peter Moore of the London Business
School who gave me just the kind of confidence in approaching statistics
that I hope my book will give to its readers.
book is dedicated to Professor Peter Moore of the London Business
School who gave me just the kind of confidence in approaching statistics
that I hope my book will give to its readers.
I take this
opportunity also of thanking my Open University colleagues, Professor
Brian Lewis, John Bibby, Gordon Burt and Fred Lockwood - and Penguin’s
advisory editor, David Nelson -for their detailed and constructive
comments on earlier drafts which helped me greatly in preparing this
final version of the book. Lastly, I thank my secretary, Heida Darling,
for producing the immaculate typescript on which those comments were
made.
opportunity also of thanking my Open University colleagues, Professor
Brian Lewis, John Bibby, Gordon Burt and Fred Lockwood - and Penguin’s
advisory editor, David Nelson -for their detailed and constructive
comments on earlier drafts which helped me greatly in preparing this
final version of the book. Lastly, I thank my secretary, Heida Darling,
for producing the immaculate typescript on which those comments were
made.
***
WHAT ARE STATISTICS? HOW DO YOU THINK STATISTICALLY?
This
book is written in the belief that the basic concepts of statistics can
be learnt without having to perform calculations. If you are about to
take a course in statistics, or if you want to know what the
statisticians are trying to say to you, then this is the book for you.
With it you can prime yourself with the ideas of the subject before
getting involved in the associated calculations.
book is written in the belief that the basic concepts of statistics can
be learnt without having to perform calculations. If you are about to
take a course in statistics, or if you want to know what the
statisticians are trying to say to you, then this is the book for you.
With it you can prime yourself with the ideas of the subject before
getting involved in the associated calculations.
Teaching by means of
words and diagrams rather than through figures, formulae and equations,
the author is providing an approach for the non-mathematical reader. To
prevent this process from being too one-sided Rowntree has included
questions in his argument; answer them as you go and you will be able to
tell how far you have mastered the subject.
words and diagrams rather than through figures, formulae and equations,
the author is providing an approach for the non-mathematical reader. To
prevent this process from being too one-sided Rowntree has included
questions in his argument; answer them as you go and you will be able to
tell how far you have mastered the subject.
This ‘tutorial in print’ is designed for everyone who needs or wants to know how statistics work.
Cover illustration by Michael Foreman
ISBN 0-14-022326-6
A PELICAN BOOK / Mathematics
9 780140 223262
***
PENGUIN BOOKS
Published by the Penguin Group 27 Wrights Lane, London W8 5TZ, England
Viking
Penguin Inc., 40 West 23rd Street, New York, New York 10010, USA
Penguin Books Australia Ltd, Ringwood, Victoria, Australia
Penguin Inc., 40 West 23rd Street, New York, New York 10010, USA
Penguin Books Australia Ltd, Ringwood, Victoria, Australia
Penguin
Books Canada Ltd, 2801 John Street, Markham, Ontario, Canada L3R 1B4
Penguin Books (NZ) Ltd, 182-190 Wairau Road, Auckland 10, New Zealand
Books Canada Ltd, 2801 John Street, Markham, Ontario, Canada L3R 1B4
Penguin Books (NZ) Ltd, 182-190 Wairau Road, Auckland 10, New Zealand
Penguin Books Ltd, Registered Offices: Harmondsworth, Middlesex, England First published 1981
Reprinted 1981, 1983, 1984, 1985, 1987 (twice)
Copyright © Derek Rowntree, 1981 All rights reserved
Printed and bound in Great Britain by Cox & Wyman Ltd, Reading Set in Monotype Times
Except
in the United States of America, this book is sold subject to the
condition that it shall not, by way of trade or otherwise, be lent,
re-sold, hired out, or otherwise circulated without the publisher’s
prior consent in any form of binding or cover other than that in which
it is published and without a similar condition including this condition
being imposed on the subsequent purchaser
in the United States of America, this book is sold subject to the
condition that it shall not, by way of trade or otherwise, be lent,
re-sold, hired out, or otherwise circulated without the publisher’s
prior consent in any form of binding or cover other than that in which
it is published and without a similar condition including this condition
being imposed on the subsequent purchaser
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В Bazar.BG от 05 юни 2012г.
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